Agroforestry
Agroforestry is the practice of combining trees with crops or livestock.
Only 3% of the UK’s farmland currently adopts agroforestry practices. We want to support farmers to help them explore ways to integrate trees and shrubs on their farmland.
Agroforestry can be defined as “a collective name for land use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops and/or animals, either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.”
In agroforestry systems, there are both ecological and economic interactions between the different components. In many cases agroforestry is a profitable activity even in the absence of subsidies or grants.
Agroforestry is an old practice recently developed in the UK after 40 years of intensive research based on national network trials. It has only recently been recognised by agricultural and forestry policy in the UK.
Find out more about agroforestry from the Forestry Commission.
What are the benefits of agroforestry?
Agroforestry helps your land, wildlife, and Hampshire’s countryside by:
- improving soil quality
- sequestering carbon, contributing to climate change mitigation
- improving animals’ health and welfare, reducing vet bills
- safeguarding our soil from erosion and loss of soil organic matter
- reducing flooding
- increasing biodiversity
- enhancing farm productivity
- reducing the need for artificial fertilisers and pesticides
- supporting micro businesses by supplying additional products to sell
- providing nutrient dense foods and natural fertiliser for the farm
The main advantage of agroforestry compared to conventional forestry is that it can be highly profitable even in the absence of subsidy.
The main disadvantage is that like many multicomponent agricultural systems it is complicated.
How we can help Hampshire's farmers
Hampshire Forest Partnership will seek to provide opportunities for and deliver projects that meet six strategic priorities:
- Public benefit, amenity value, health and wellbeing
- Climate change mitigation and resilience
- Biodiversity and local nature recovery
- Landscape character, cultural and heritage development
- Learning, awareness, and educational opportunities
- Sustainable development of the rural economy.
Hampshire Forest Partnership recognises that there are many opportunities for tree planting on farmland and to help farmers reach net zero, improve soils, and enhance biodiversity. Agroforestry has seen a recent surge in interest amongst farmers, yet there remains confusion about how best to integrate tree planting within farming systems.
We’ve launched several funding support schemes which are now open for applications. Learn more about our funding opportunities
Join our Hampshire Agroforestry Facebook page to stay up to date with all the latest agroforestry news and events. It’s also a great place to meet and collaborate with likeminded farmers and businesses.
Suggested agroforestry species
Cricket Bat Willow
Tree species
Cricket Bat Willow
Salix alba “Caerulea”
Key management suggestion
Plant large high-quality sets.
Products and markets
Timber for production of cricket bats for domestic use and export.
Site notes/preferences
Will tolerate short term flooding.
Hazel
Tree species
Hazel
Corylus avellana
Key management suggestion
Manage as single stem tree for mechanical harvesting.
Products and markets
Hazel nut flour, nuts, nut milk, oil etc
Site notes/preferences
Shelter is important.
Walnut
Tree species
Walnut
Juglans regia
Key management suggestion
Use late flowering (spring frost avoiding) lateral bearing grafted trees.
Products and markets
Nuts, nut oils, walnut flour, walnut butter.
Site notes/preferences
Prefers deep sandy loams and shelter, but will grow in many local soil types with proper drainage.
Quince
Tree species
Quince
Cydonia oblonga
Key management suggestion
Needs special processing equipment.
Products and markets
Preserves, beverages and membrillo.
Site notes/preferences
Will tolerate short term flooding and is also drought tolerant.
Mulberry
Tree species
Mulberry
Morus nigra
Key management suggestion
Use named varieties selected for flavour and precocity (early bearing) e.g., at 1-3 years old.
Products and markets
Preserves, and beverages.
Site notes/preferences
Prefers shelter and deep, moisture-retentive but well-drained soil.
Stone pine
Tree species
Stone pine
Pinus pinea
Key management suggestion
Requires specialised processing equipment.
Products and markets
Nut kernels.
Site notes/preferences
Shelter is important.
Chestnut
Tree species
Chestnut
Castanea sativa
Key management suggestion
Use named varieties.
Products and markets
Nuts, flour, and milks.
Site notes/preferences
pH less than 7.
Oak
Tree species
Oak
Quercus spp
Key management suggestion
Use varieties with improved precocity as acorns are the economic product.
Products and markets
Acorn flour, acorn coffee
Site notes/preferences
Shelter is important.
Elder
Tree species
Elder
Sambucus spp
Key management suggestion
Use a mixture of species and varieties for elderflowers and berry products.
Products and markets
Elder flowers/berries for beverages.
Site notes/preferences
Shelter is important.
Hawthorn
Tree species
Hawthorn
Crataegus spp
Key management suggestion
Use species with large fruit and good juicing properties.
Products and markets
Beverages and health products (e.g. hawthorn tincture).
Site notes/preferences
Shelter is important.
Setting objectives and a rule of thumb
Before establishing agroforestry there is a need to set objectives and timescales for achieving a return on investment. This will depend on land tenure and if the intention is to grow for wholesale or localised value-added markets. In general, a site of greater than 10 acres is required for a commercial agroforestry operation.
For many UK agroforestry systems trees occupy c. 10-20% of a land parcel spatially arranged in groups, rows, or as individual trees. Agroforestry is dynamic and as trees grow, management, will need to adapt.
As a rule of thumb shade levels below 50% will not have a major effect on the growth of an understorey and late leafing trees are to be preferred to allow an understorey to obtain some light early in the season.
Agroforestry subtypes
The major agroforestry subtypes in the UK can include:
- Silvopastoral systems (livestock component linked to pasture or swards)
- Silvoarable systems (arable component)
- Environmental agroforestry e.g., riparian strips or buffer areas
- Food forests (large garden forms for food production in the urban or peri-urban context)
- Forest farming e.g. wood pasture in the New Forest
- Orchard intercropping

This guidance has been produced by Abacus Agriculture and BioDiversity International Ltd. Any views expressed do not necessarily represent those of Hampshire County Council. Any financial information presented should be checked in relation to local costs, yield potentials and sales prices or process.