Agroforestry

Agroforestry is the practice of combining trees with crops or livestock.

Only 3% of the UK’s farmland currently adopts agroforestry practices. We want to support farmers to help them explore ways to integrate trees and shrubs on their farmland.

Agroforestry can be defined as “a collective name for land use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops and/or animals, either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.”

In agroforestry systems, there are both ecological and economic interactions between the different components. In many cases agroforestry is a profitable activity even in the absence of subsidies or grants.

Agroforestry is an old practice recently developed in the UK after 40 years of intensive research based on national network trials. It has only recently been recognised by agricultural and forestry policy in the UK.

Find out more about agroforestry from the Forestry Commission.

Hand holding a sapling

What are the benefits of agroforestry?

Agroforestry helps your land, wildlife, and Hampshire’s countryside by:

  • improving soil quality
  • sequestering carbon, contributing to climate change mitigation
  • improving animals’ health and welfare, reducing vet bills
  • safeguarding our soil from erosion and loss of soil organic matter
  • reducing flooding
  • increasing biodiversity
  • enhancing farm productivity
  • reducing the need for artificial fertilisers and pesticides
  • supporting micro businesses by supplying additional products to sell
  • providing nutrient dense foods and natural fertiliser for the farm

The main advantage of agroforestry compared to conventional forestry is that it can be highly profitable even in the absence of subsidy.

The main disadvantage is that like many multicomponent agricultural systems it is complicated.

How we can help Hampshire's farmers

Hampshire Forest Partnership will seek to provide opportunities for and deliver projects that meet six strategic priorities:

  1. Public benefit, amenity value, health and wellbeing
  2. Climate change mitigation and resilience
  3. Biodiversity and local nature recovery
  4. Landscape character, cultural and heritage development
  5. Learning, awareness, and educational opportunities
  6. Sustainable development of the rural economy.

Hampshire Forest Partnership recognises that there are many opportunities for tree planting on farmland and to help farmers reach net zero, improve soils, and enhance biodiversity. Agroforestry has seen a recent surge in interest amongst farmers, yet there remains confusion about how best to integrate tree planting within farming systems.

Demonstration of planting a tree 

We’ve launched several funding support schemes which are now open for applications. Learn more about our funding opportunities

Join our Hampshire Agroforestry Facebook page to stay up to date with all the latest agroforestry news and events. It’s also a great place to meet and collaborate with likeminded farmers and businesses.

Suggested agroforestry species

Cricket Bat Willow

Tree species

Cricket Bat Willow
Salix alba “Caerulea”

Key management suggestion

Plant large high-quality sets.

Products and markets

Timber for production of cricket bats for domestic use and export.

Site notes/preferences

Will tolerate short term flooding.

Hazel

Tree species

Hazel
Corylus avellana

Key management suggestion

Manage as single stem tree for mechanical harvesting.

Products and markets

Hazel nut flour, nuts, nut milk, oil etc

Site notes/preferences

Shelter is important.

Walnut

Tree species

Walnut
Juglans regia

Key management suggestion

Use late flowering (spring frost avoiding) lateral bearing grafted trees.

Products and markets

Nuts, nut oils, walnut flour, walnut butter.

Site notes/preferences

Prefers deep sandy loams and shelter, but will grow in many local soil types with proper drainage.

Quince

Tree species

Quince
Cydonia oblonga

Key management suggestion

Needs special processing equipment.

Products and markets

Preserves, beverages and membrillo.

Site notes/preferences

Will tolerate short term flooding and is also drought tolerant.

Mulberry

Tree species

Mulberry
Morus nigra

Key management suggestion

Use named varieties selected for flavour and precocity (early bearing) e.g., at 1-3 years old.

Products and markets

Preserves, and beverages.

Site notes/preferences

Prefers shelter and deep, moisture-retentive but well-drained soil.

Stone pine

Tree species

Stone pine
Pinus pinea

Key management suggestion

Requires specialised processing equipment.

Products and markets

Nut kernels.

Site notes/preferences

Shelter is important.

Chestnut

Tree species

Chestnut
Castanea sativa

Key management suggestion

Use named varieties.

Products and markets

Nuts, flour, and milks.

Site notes/preferences

pH less than 7.

Oak

Tree species

Oak
Quercus spp

Key management suggestion

Use varieties with improved precocity as acorns are the economic product.

Products and markets

Acorn flour, acorn coffee

Site notes/preferences

Shelter is important.

Elder

Tree species

Elder
Sambucus spp

Key management suggestion

Use a mixture of species and varieties for elderflowers and berry products.

Products and markets

Elder flowers/berries for beverages.

Site notes/preferences

Shelter is important.

Hawthorn

Tree species

Hawthorn
Crataegus spp

Key management suggestion

Use species with large fruit and good juicing properties.

Products and markets

Beverages and health products (e.g. hawthorn tincture).

Site notes/preferences

Shelter is important.

Setting objectives and a rule of thumb

Before establishing agroforestry there is a need to set objectives and timescales for achieving a return on investment. This will depend on land tenure and if the intention is to grow for wholesale or localised value-added markets. In general, a site of greater than 10 acres is required for a commercial agroforestry operation.

For many UK agroforestry systems trees occupy c. 10-20% of a land parcel spatially arranged in groups, rows, or as individual trees. Agroforestry is dynamic and as trees grow, management, will need to adapt.

As a rule of thumb shade levels below 50% will not have a major effect on the growth of an understorey and late leafing trees are to be preferred to allow an understorey to obtain some light early in the season.

Agroforestry subtypes

The major agroforestry subtypes in the UK can include:

  • Silvopastoral systems (livestock component linked to pasture or swards)
  • Silvoarable systems (arable component)
  • Environmental agroforestry e.g., riparian strips or buffer areas
  • Food forests (large garden forms for food production in the urban or peri-urban context)
  • Forest farming e.g. wood pasture in the New Forest
  • Orchard intercropping
Wellington boots, and shovel in hand

This guidance has been produced by Abacus Agriculture and BioDiversity International Ltd. Any views expressed do not necessarily represent those of Hampshire County Council. Any financial information presented should be checked in relation to local costs, yield potentials and sales prices or process.